AN EVIDENCE BASED ASSESSMENT OF MOST COMMON RISK FACTORS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: ANALYSIS FROM A LOCAL POPULATION

MM Hafeez; T Yasin; U Safdar; S Waquar; MA Rana; A Malik

doi:10.54112/bcsrj.v2020i1.44

Authors

MM Hafeez Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
T Yasin Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
U Safdar Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences. Lahore-Pakistan
S Waquar Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
MA Rana Intensive Care Unit, Bahria International Hospital, Lahore-Pakistan
A Malik Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2020i1.44

Keywords:

BMI, diabetes, Myocardial Infarction, Obesity, Risk Factors, smoking

Abstract

The current study was designed for risk assessment of different factors like smoking, diabetes, obesity, and gender in the development of myocardial infarction (MI). A total of one hundred and twelve participants (n=112) was included in this case and control study. They were further divided into two groups. Group A, constituted of fifty controls whereas sixty-two age and sex-matched confirmed cases of Myocardial Infarction were selected for group B. Specially design questionnaire was filled and response form was collected from different hospitals of Lahore. Body mass index (BMI) was used to determine the obesity. The current study demonstrated that the advanced age is itself a risk factor of MI, other factors like smoking, diabetes and obesity were also found to be statistically significant contributory elements. From the results of current study and past literature it is very much evident that above mentioned risk factors have significant role in sudden cardiac death by potentiating the MI. So, by avoiding or controlling these risk factors a deadly event myocardial infarction can be avoided.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Cercato, C., and Fonseca, F. (2019). Cardiovascular risk and obesity. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome 11, 74.

Chandrashekhar, Y., Alexander, T., Mullasari, A., Kumbhani, D. J., Alam, S., Alexanderson, E., Bachani, D., Wilhelmus Badenhorst, J. C., Baliga, R., and Bax, J. J. (2020). Resource and infrastructure-appropriate management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in low-and middle-income countries. Circulation 141, 2004-2025.

Chu, C.-S., Law, S. H., Lenzen, D., Tan, Y.-H., Weng, S.-F., Ito, E., Wu, J.-C., Chen, C.-H., Chan, H.-C., and Ke, L.-Y. (2020). Clinical Significance of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Atherothrombosis. Biomedicines 8, 254.

d’Alessandro, E., Becker, C., Bergmeier, W., Bode, C., Bourne, J. H., Brown, H., Buller, H. R., Arina, J., Ten Cate, V., and Van Cauteren, Y. J. (2020). Thrombo-inflammation in cardiovascular disease: an expert consensus document from the third Maastricht consensus conference on thrombosis. Thrombosis and haemostasis 120, 538-564.

De Rosa, S., Arcidiacono, B., Chiefari, E., Brunetti, A., Indolfi, C., and Foti, D. P. (2018). Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: genetic and epigenetic links. Frontiers in endocrinology 9, 2.

Deacon, C. F. (2018). Peptide degradation and the role of DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Peptides 100, 150-157.

Head, T., Daunert, S., and Goldschmidt-Clermont, P. J. (2017). The aging risk and atherosclerosis: a fresh look at arterial homeostasis. Frontiers in genetics 8, 216.

Ishimoto, Y., Tanaka, T., Yoshida, Y., and Inagi, R. (2018). Physiological and pathophysiological role of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in the kidney. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 45, 1097-1105.

Jung, Y. J., Yoon, J. L., Kim, H. S., Lee, A. Y., Kim, M. Y., and Cho, J. J. (2017). Atypical clinical presentation of geriatric syndrome in elderly patients with pneumonia or coronary artery disease. Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research 21, 158-163.

Li, G., Wang, H., Wang, K., Wang, W., Dong, F., Qian, Y., Gong, H., Hui, C., Xu, G., and Li, Y. (2017). The association between smoking and blood pressure in men: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 17, 797.

López-Pastor, A. R., Infante-Menéndez, J., Escribano, Ó., and Gómez-Hernández, A. (2020). miRNA Dysregulation in the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Related Disorders Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease. Frontiers in Medicine 7.

Meyer-Gerspach, A. C., Häfliger, S., Meili, J., Doody, A., Rehfeld, J. F., Drewe, J., Beglinger, C., and Wölnerhanssen, B. (2016). Effect of L-tryptophan and L-leucine on gut hormone secretion, appetite feelings and gastric emptying rates in lean and non-diabetic obese participants: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. PloS one 11, e0166758.

Mikov, M., Pavlović, N., Stanimirov, B., Đanić, M., Goločorbin-Kon, S., Stankov, K., and Al-Salami, H. (2020). DPP-4 Inhibitors: Renoprotective Potential and Pharmacokinetics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Renal Impairment. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 1-14.

Niccoli, G., Montone, R. A., Ibanez, B., Thiele, H., Crea, F., Heusch, G., Bulluck, H., Hausenloy, D. J., Berry, C., and Stiermaier, T. (2019). Optimized treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the unmet need to target coronary microvascular obstruction as primary treatment goal to further improve prognosis. Circulation research 125, 245-258.

Nowbar, A. N., Gitto, M., Howard, J. P., Francis, D. P., and Al-Lamee, R. (2019). Mortality from ischemic heart disease: Analysis of data from the World Health Organization and coronary artery disease risk factors From NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 12, e005375.

Reddy, P., Lent-Schochet, D., Ramakrishnan, N., McLaughlin, M., and Jialal, I. (2019). Metabolic syndrome is an inflammatory disorder: A conspiracy between adipose tissue and phagocytes. Clinica Chimica Acta 496, 35-44.

Saar, A., Marandi, T., Ainla, T., Fischer, K., Blöndal, M., and Eha, J. (2018). The risk-treatment paradox in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients according to their estimated GRACE risk. International journal of cardiology 272, 26-32.

Siddiqui, M., Hameed, R., Nadeem, M., Mohammad, T., Simbak, N., Latif, A., Abubakar, Y., and Baig, A. (2018). Obesity in Pakistan; current and future perceptions. J Curr Trends Biomed Eng Biosci 17, 001-004.

Xi, B., Veeranki, S. P., Zhao, M., Ma, C., Yan, Y., and Mi, J. (2017). Relationship of alcohol consumption to all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related mortality in US adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 70, 913-922.

Yokoyama, H., Araki, S.-i., Kawai, K., Yamazaki, K., Tomonaga, O., Shirabe, S.-i., and Maegawa, H. (2018). Declining trends of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy with improving diabetes care indicators in Japanese patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes (JDDM 46). BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care 6.

Zhuge, F., Ni, Y., Nagashimada, M., Nagata, N., Xu, L., Mukaida, N., Kaneko, S., and Ota, T. (2016). DPP-4 inhibition by linagliptin attenuates obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance by regulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Diabetes 65, 2966-2979.