Risk Factors of Postpartum Urinary Retention After Vaginal Delivery: A Case-Control Study

Mahrukh  Saif; Aqsa  Farooq; Misbah  Khurshid

doi:10.54112/bcsrj.v6i5.1718

Authors

Mahrukh Saif Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ibn-E-Siena Hospital, Multan, Pakistan
Aqsa Farooq Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ibn-E-Siena Hospital, Multan, Pakistan
Misbah Khurshid Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ibn-E-Siena Hospital, Multan, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v6i5.1718

Keywords:

Postpartum urinary retention, vaginal delivery, episiotomy, epidural analgesia, macrosomia, Pakistan

Abstract

PPUR is a common yet underdiagnosed complication of vaginal delivery, especially in low-resource settings. Objective: This study aimed to identify maternal and intrapartum risk factors associated with PPUR. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at Ibn-e-Siena Hospital, Multan, over three months from 22 January 2025 to 22 April 2025. A total of 142 women (71 with PPUR, 71 controls) were assessed for maternal characteristics and intrapartum variables. Statistical analysis included logistic regression to identify independent risk factors. Results: Significant independent risk factors for PPUR included episiotomy (OR 3.90), epidural analgesia (OR 3.88), obesity (OR 2.54), gestational diabetes (OR 3.39), macrosomia (OR 4.75), and longer labor duration (p = 0.003) were noted in this study. Conclusion: Targeted monitoring for women with identified risk factors may reduce the incidence and complications of PPUR. These findings support the integration of routine bladder care into postpartum protocols in Pakistani healthcare settings.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Barba M, Frigerio M, Manodoro S, et al. Postpartum urinary retention: absolute risk prediction model. Low Urinary Tract Symptoms. 2021;13(2):257-63.

Lawal OO, Morhason-Bello IO, Atalabi OM, et al. Incidence of postpartum urinary retention in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;156(1):42-7.

Nusee Z, Nor NH, Rashid AR, et al. Overt and covert postpartum urinary retention, risk factors, and complications. Eur J Med Health Sci. 2020;2(4):1-5.

Mohr S, Raio L, Gobrecht-Keller U, et al. Postpartum urinary retention: what are the sequelae? A long-term study. Int Urogynecol J. 2022;33(6):1601-8.

Li Q, Zhu S, Xiao X. The risk factors of postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020;7(4):484-92.

Cavkaytar S, Kokanalı MK, Baylas A, et al. Assessment of risk factors in a case-control study. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2014;15(3):140-3.

Cao D, Rao L, Yuan J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of overt postpartum urinary retention. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):26.

Rasheed F, Hameed W, Manzoor I, et al. Association of maternal obesity with neonatal outcomes in Pakistan: a cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):565.

Elnashar A, Elkomy R, Ibrahim M, et al. Risk factors for postpartum urinary retention in an Egyptian teaching hospital. Afr Health Sci. 2022;22(2):235-42.

Khan AA, Malik S, Firdous S. Incidence and factors associated with urinary retention in Pakistani primiparous women. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(7):2012-16.

Mahmood N, Saleem S. Postpartum complications: perceptions and practices among Pakistani women. BMC Women's Health. 2020;20(1):150.

Abbasi RM, Saeed A, Fatima N. Postpartum care gaps in rural Pakistan: exploring maternal needs. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(1):83-87.

Cao D, Rao L, Yuan J, Zhang D, Lu B. Prevalence and risk factors of overt postpartum urinary retention among primiparous women after vaginal delivery: a case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):26.

Nusee Z, Nor NH, Rashid AR, Ismail H, Zakaria H. Overt and covert postpartum urinary retention, risk factors and complications. Eur J Med Health Sci. 2020;2(4):1-5.

Mohr S, Raio L, Gobrecht-Keller U, Imboden S, Mueller MD, Kuhn A. Postpartum urinary retention: what are the sequelae? A long-term study and review of the literature. Int Urogynecol J. 2022;33(6):1601–8.

Rasheed F, Hameed W, Manzoor I, Abbas K. Association of maternal obesity with adverse birth outcomes in Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):565.

Elnashar A, Elkomy R, Ibrahim M, Elgohary H. Risk factors for postpartum urinary retention in an Egyptian teaching hospital. Afr Health Sci. 2022;22(2):235–42.

Li Q, Zhu S, Xiao X. The risk factors of postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020;7(4):484–92.

Lawal OO, Morhason-Bello IO, Atalabi OM, Ojengbede OA. Incidence of postpartum urinary retention in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2022;156(1):42–7.