PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SALVADORA PERSICA AND CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA EXTRACTS AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENS

A HUSSAIN; SA BANO; ZU REHMAN; F WAHEED; T BASHIR; S ALAM; U NAWAZ

doi:10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.1241

Authors

A HUSSAIN Department of Microbiology, the University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
SA BANO Department of Microbiology, the University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
ZU REHMAN Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of science and technology
F WAHEED Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Punjab, Lahore
T BASHIR Deparment of Microbiology: Abbottabad University of Science and Technology
S ALAM 5Deparment of Microbiology: Abbottabad University of Science and Technology
U NAWAZ Deparment of Microbiology: Abbottabad University of Science and Technology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.1241

Keywords:

Phytochemicals, Extracts, Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity

Abstract

Multiple diseases are treated using medicinal plants nowadays. Salvadora persica and Calotropis Gigantea are beneficial herbs for traditional herbal medicine. The aim of the study was to Screen phytochemicals, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Salvadora persica and Calotropis Gigantea against Staph. Aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Methods: Phytochemicals of both Salvadora persica and Calotropis Gigantea were screened by GC-MS analyzer. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of ethnolic and Methonolic extracts of screened phytochemicals was tested using Agar Well Diffusion and DPPH assay respectively. Salvadora persica leaf extracts (100g/ml) inhibited Staph. Aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Density was used to establish the minimal inhibitory concentration of Salvadora persica and Calotropis Gigantea extracts. Results: Both plant extracts were rich in over 250 detected chemicals via GC-MS analyzer, with 52.5% of these having antibacterial and antioxidant properties Salvadora persica extracts were characterized by 1, 8-Cineole polyphenols (45%) and cyclic ethylene mercaptole (55%), demonstrating antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Meanwhile, Calotropis Gigantea extracts contained major components Campestrol (69%) and β-tocopherol (4%). Salvadora persica and Calotropis Gigantea extracts exhibited inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 3.12 mg/ml. Antioxidant activity, assessed via the DPPH test, revealed 35% activity with 200μl of Methanolic extracts. Both Salvadora persica and Calotropis Gigantea leaf extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Notably, Calotropis Gigantea was effective against all chosen pathogens, while Salvadora persica exclusively targeted Staphylococcus aureus. Although Calotropis Gigantea had fewer antioxidants compared to Salvadora persica, the latter's extracts held potential for mitigating oxidative stress, aging, and related disorders. Previous studies highlighted 1, 8-Cineole polyphenols (45%) and cyclic ethylene mercaptole (55%) as antibacterial and antifungal agents against Klebsiella pneumonia and Aspergillus nigar. Conclusion: These findings underscore the promising applications of Salvadora persica and Calotropis Gigantea extracts in both antimicrobial and antioxidant interventions. And can be effected against different diseases such as Typhoid, skin diseases, and disease caused by Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. Further exploration of their specific mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications of different metabolites and chemical compounds are warranted to harness the benefits offered by these natural extracts.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Van Leenders, G.J., et al., The 2019 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on grading of prostatic carcinoma. The American journal of surgical pathology, 2020. 44(8): p. e87.

Li, B. and T.J. Webster, Bacteria antibiotic resistance: New challenges and opportunities for implant‐associated orthopedic infections. Journal of Orthopaedic Research®, 2018. 36(1): p. 22-32.

Wolf, T., et al., The health effects of climate change in the WHO European Region. Climate, 2015. 3(4): p. 901-936.

Oaks Jr, S.C., R.E. Shope, and J. Lederberg, Emerging infections: microbial threats to health in the United States. 1992.

McHugh, D. and J. Gil, Senescence and aging: Causes, consequences, and therapeutic avenues. Journal of Cell Biology, 2018. 217(1): p. 65-77.

Zaidi, M.A. and S.A. Crow Jr, Biologically active traditional medicinal herbs from Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2005. 96(1-2): p. 331-334.

Shagal, M., U. Modibbo, and A. Liman, Pharmacological justification for the ethnomedical use of Datura stramonium stem-bark extract in treatment of diseases caused by some pathogenic bacteria. Int Res Pharm Pharmaco, 2012. 2(1): p. 16-19.

Wong, S.K., Y.Y. Lim, and E.W. Chan, Botany, uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of selected Apocynaceae species: A review. Pharmacognosy Communications, 2013. 3(3).

Chan, E.W.C., S.K. Wong, and H.T. Chan, Apocynaceae species with antiproliferative and/or antiplasmodial properties: a review of ten genera. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2016. 14(4): p. 269-284.

Misra, M.K., M.K. Mohanty, and P.K. Das, Studies on the method–ethnobotany of Calotropis Gigantea and C. procera. Ancient science of life, 1993. 13(1-2): p. 40.

Singh, E., et al., Medicinal plants used by the Thakar tribes of Raigad district, Maharashtra for the treatment of snake-bite and scorpion-bite. Int J Phytother Res, 2012. 2(2): p. 26-35.

Kumar, D. and S. Kumar, Calotropis Gigantea (L.) Dryand-A review update. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology, 2015. 3(3): p. 218.

Chitme, H., R. Chandra, and S. Kaushik, Evaluation of antipyretic activity of Calotropis Gigantea (Asclepiadaceae) in experimental animals. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 2005. 19(5): p. 454-456.

Mossa, J., et al., Pharmacological studies on aerial parts of Calotropis procera. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 1991. 19(03n04): p. 223-231.

Meena, A.K., A. Yadav, and M. Rao, Ayurvedic uses and pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera Linn. Asian journal of traditional medicines, 2011. 6(2): p. 45-53.

Paul, A. and A. Kumar, Review on pharmocological properties of Aaka (Calotropis procera). International Journal of Economic Plants, 2018. 5(3): p. 157-162.

Singh, S., et al., Preliminary phytochemical screening of Calotropis Gigantea leaf. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2014. 4(2): p. 1-3.

Oloumi, H., Phytochemistry and ethno-pharmaceutics of Calotropis procera. 2014.

Mandal, S.C., Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of methanol extract of Calotropis Gigantea root. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP), 2017. 11(03).

Sharma, R., et al., Therapeutic potential of Calotropis procera: A giant milkweed. ISOR J Pharm Bio Sci, 2012. 4(2): p. 42-57.

Sharma, P. and J. Sharma, In-vitro schizonticidal screening of Calotropis procera. Fitoterapia, 2000. 71(1): p. 77-79.

Arya, S. and V.L. Kumar, Antiinflammatory efficacy of extracts of latex of Calotropis procera against different mediators of inflammation. Mediators of inflammation, 2005. 2005(4): p. 228-232.

Pathak, A. and A. Argal, Analgesic activity of Calotropis Gigantea flower. Fitoterapia, 2007. 78(1): p. 40-42.

Chitme, H.R., R. Chandra, and S. Kaushik, Studies on anti-diarrhoeal activity of Calotropis Gigantea R. Br. in experimental animals. J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2004. 7(1): p. 70-5.

Argal, A. and A.K. Pathak, CNS activity of Calotropis Gigantea roots. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2006. 106(1): p. 142-145.

Lodhi, G., et al., Hepatoprotective effects of Calotropis Gigantea extract against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats. Acta Pharmaceutica, 2009. 59(1): p. 89-96.

Bairagi, S.M., P. Ghule, and R. Gilhotra, Pharmacology of Natural Products: An recent approach on Calotropis Gigantea and Calotropis procera. 2018.

Halawany, H.S., A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. The Saudi dental journal, 2012. 24(2): p. 63-69.

Khatak, M., et al., Salvadora persica. Pharmacognosy reviews, 2010. 4(8): p. 209.

Farooqi, M. and J. Srivastava, The tooth-brush tree (Salvadora persica). Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research, 1968. 8(4): p. 1297-1299.

Ahmad, H. and K. Rajagopal, Biological activities of Salvadora persica L. Meswak). Med Aromat Plants, 2013. 2(4): p. 1-5.

Gautam, R.K., S. Sharma, and K. Sharma, Comparative evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of Salvadora persica linn. and Asparagus racemosus willd: an in vitro study. Indo Am J Pharmaceut Res, 2013.

Kamal, S.A., G.J. Mohammed, and I.H. Hameed, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic Potential and Cytotoxic Activity of Salvadora persica: A review. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 2018. 9(3): p. 393-398.

Ramadan, K.S., H.E. Farid, and R.M. Almarashi, Antidepressant-like effects of aqueous extract of Salvadora persica in rat model of depression. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 2016. 7(8): p. 697.

Haque, M.M. and S.A. Alsareii, A review of the therapeutic effects of using miswak (Salvadora persica) on oral health. Saudi medical journal, 2015. 36(5): p. 530.

Kumar, M., et al., Mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves: Nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and health-promoting bioactivities. Antioxidants, 2021. 10(2): p. 299.

Naeini, A., N.J. Naderi, and H. Shokri, Analysis and in vitro anti-Candida antifungal activity of Cuminum cyminum and Salvadora persica herbs extracts against pathogenic Candida strains. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 2014. 24(1): p. 13-18.

Ahmad, M., et al., Pharmacological profile of Salvadora persica. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2011. 24(3).

Kumar, D. and P.K. Sharma, Traditional use, phytochemicals and pharmacological activity of Salvadora persica: A Review. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 2021. 17(3): p. 302-309.

HOOR, T., et al., ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF SALVADORA PERSICA IN MICE. Medical channel, 2011. 17(4).

Verma, R., et al., Salvadora persica L (tooth brush tree): a review. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2009. 2(12): p. 1809-1812.

Mustafa, A., et al., International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences (ISSN: 2789-2840).

Iwanowicz-Palus, G., et al., Herbal medicine as an element that supports new technologies in medicine. EJMT, 2019. 2: p. 23.

Dkhil, M.A., et al., Anthelmintic, anticoccidial and antioxidant activity of Salvadora persica root extracts. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2019. 26(6): p. 1223-1226.

Fatima, N., W. Iqbal, and S.S. Yaqeen, Evaluation of wound healing effects between Salvadora persica ointment and Solcoseryl jelly in animal model. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci, 2015. 28(5): p. 1777-1780.

Abdel-Baki, A.-A.S., et al., In vitro scolicidal effects of Salvadora persica root extract against protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus. The Korean journal of parasitology, 2016. 54(1): p. 61.

Hano, C. and D. Tungmunnithum, Plant polyphenols, more than just simple natural antioxidants: Oxidative stress, aging and age-related diseases. 2020, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. p. 26.

Joana Gil‐Chávez, G., et al., Technologies for extraction and production of bioactive compounds to be used as nutraceuticals and food ingredients: an overview. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2013. 12(1): p. 5-23.

Gulluce, M., et al., Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia L. ssp. longifolia. Food chemistry, 2007. 103(4): p. 1449-1456.

Yildiz, H., Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of essential oil and ethanol extract of Coriandrum sativum L. leaves from Turkey. International journal of food properties, 2016. 19(7): p. 1593-1603.

Tyagi, T. and M. Agarwal, Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents in the ethanolic extract of Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 2017. 6(1): p. 195-206.

Ali, I., COVID-19: are we ready for the second wave? Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2020. 14(5): p. e16-e18.

Nagai, T., et al., Preparation and antioxidant properties of water extract of propolis. Food chemistry, 2003. 80(1): p. 29-33.

Ashraf, K., et al., In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative studies of four different extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus, Gynura procumbens and Ficus deltoidea. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 2020. 27(1): p. 417-432.

Masoumian, M. and M. Zandi, Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plant extracts against multidrug resistant bacteria. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2017. 19(11).

Balouiri, M., M. Sadiki, and S.K. Ibnsouda, Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of pharmaceutical analysis, 2016. 6(2): p. 71-79.

Moharram, H. and M. Youssef, Methods for determining the antioxidant activity: a review. Alexandria Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2014. 11(1): p. 31-42.

Mensor, L.L., et al., Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytotherapy research, 2001. 15(2): p. 127-130.

Faruque, M.O., et al., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Congea tomentosa, an ethnomedicinal plant from Bangladesh. Industrial Crops and Products, 2019. 141: p. 111745.

Fouda, A., et al., In-Vitro cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and UV protection properties of the biosynthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles for medical textile applications. Microbial pathogenesis, 2018. 125: p. 252-261.

Salem, M.Z., S.I. Behiry, and A.Z. Salem, Effectiveness of root-bark extract from Salvadora persica against the growth of certain molecularly identified pathogenic bacteria. Microbial pathogenesis, 2018. 117: p. 320-326.

Othman, L., A. Sleiman, and R.M. Abdel-Massih, Antimicrobial activity of polyphenols and alkaloids in middle eastern plants. Frontiers in microbiology, 2019. 10: p. 911.

Jaberian, H., K. Piri, and J. Nazari, Phytochemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some medicinal plants. Food chemistry, 2013. 136(1): p. 237-244.

Joo, S.Y., Antioxidant activities of medicinal plant extracts. Journal of the Korean society of food science and nutrition, 2013. 42(4): p. 512-519.