RISK FACTORS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2023i1.368Keywords:
Chronic kidney disease, End stage renal disease, Risk factorsAbstract
The prospective study was conducted in Tertiary Care Hospitals from June 2022 to June 2023 to evaluate risk factors for CKD in the local population. Six hundred subjects were included in the study who were screened for the risk factors of chronic kidney disease. The participants were screened for CKD using a questionnaire. CKD-EPI equation was used for exploring disease burden. Results showed that CKD subjects were more likely male, older, urban residents, were obese or overweight, and had cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes compared to those without CKD. In subjects with CKD, the most common risk factors were diabetes(32%), hypertension (65%), and anemia (40%). Sensitivity analysis was done using CKD – EPI equation, and results were compared with the MDRD-3 equation. The prevalence of CKD, according to CKD-EPI, was 16%. Prevalence of CKD stages I, II, III, IV, and V was 9%, 4.5%,4.5%,1%, and 1%, respectively. People were not well aware of the status of their condition. Primary care centers should screen patients with diabetes and hypertension for kidney disease. Early detection can retard progression and improve outcomes.
Downloads
References
Abraham, G., Varughese, S., Thandavan, T., Iyengar, A., Fernando, E., Naqvi, S. J., Sheriff, R., Ur-Rashid,
H., Gopalakrishnan, N., and Kafle, R. K. (2016). Chronic kidney disease hotspots in developing countries in South Asia. Clinical kidney journal 9, 135-141.
Akhtar, S., Nasir, J. A., Abbas, T., and Sarwar, A. (2019). Diabetes in Pakistan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pakistan journal of medical sciences 35, 1173.
Alobaidi, S. (2021). Knowledge of chronic kidney disease among the population of Saudi Arabia evaluated using a validated questionnaire: a cross-sectional study. Patient preference and adherence, 1281-1288.
Ampofo, A. G., and Boateng, E. B. (2020). Beyond 2020: Modelling obesity and diabetes prevalence. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 167, 108362.
Assiry, A., Alshahrani, S., Banji, D., Banji, O. J., Syed, N. K., and Alqahtani, S. S. (2022). Public Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia—A Cross-Sectional Survey. In "Healthcare", Vol. 10, pp. 1377. MDPI.
Barua, L., Faruque, M., Banik, P. C., and Ali, L. (2019). Agreement between 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension clinical practice guidelines and seventh report of the joint national committee guidelines to estimate prevalence of postmenopausal hypertension in a rural area of bangladesh: a cross sectional study. Medicina 55, 315.
Cha’on, U., Tippayawat, P., Sae-Ung, N., Pinlaor, P., Sirithanaphol, W., Theeranut, A., Tungsanga, K., Chowchuen, P., Sharma, A., and Boonlakron, S. (2022). High prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its related risk factors in rural areas of Northeast Thailand. Scientific Reports 12, 18188.
Chancharoenthana, W., Wattanatorn, S., Vadcharavivad, S., Eiam-Ong, S., and Leelahavanichkul, A. (2019). Agreement and precision analyses of various estimated glomerular filtration rate formulae in cancer patients. Scientific Reports 9, 19356.
Diao, J. A., Wu, G. J., Wang, J. K., Kohane, I. S., Taylor, H. A., Tighiouart, H., Levey, A. S., Inker, L. A., Powe, N. R., and Manrai, A. K. (2023). National projections for clinical implications of race-free creatinine-based GFR estimating equations. The Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 34, 309-321.
Goto, N., Weststrate, A., Oosterlaan, F., Verhaar, M., Willems, H., Emmelot-Vonk, M., and Hamaker, M. (2020). The association between chronic kidney disease, falls, and fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporosis international 31, 13-29.
Jdiaa, S. S., Husainat, N. M., Mansour, R., Kalot, M. A., McGreal, K., Chebib, F. T., Perrone, R. D., Yu, A., and Mustafa, R. A. (2022). A Systematic Review of Reported Outcomes in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Studies. Kidney International Reports.
Kistler, B. M., Moore, L. W., Benner, D., Biruete, A., Boaz, M., Brunori, G., Chen, J., Drechsler, C., Guebre-Egziabher, F., and Hensley, M. K. (2021). The International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism Commentary on the National Kidney Foundation and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in chronic kidney disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition 31, 116-120. e1.
Lv, J.-C., and Zhang, L.-X. (2019). Prevalence and disease burden of chronic kidney disease. Renal fibrosis: mechanisms and therapies, 3-15.
McCullough, K. P., Morgenstern, H., Saran, R., Herman, W. H., and Robinson, B. M. (2019). Projecting ESRD incidence and prevalence in the United States through 2030. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 30, 127.
Miller, W. G. (2021). Perspective on new equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Clinical Chemistry 67, 820-822.
Mok, K. Y., Chan, P. F., Lai, L. K., Chow, K. L., and Chao, D. V. (2019). Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and different categories of their estimated glomerular filtration rate based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation in primary care in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 18, 281-288.
Muntner, P., Shimbo, D., Carey, R. M., Charleston, J. B., Gaillard, T., Misra, S., Myers, M. G., Ogedegbe, G., Schwartz, J. E., and Townsend, R. R. (2019). Measurement of blood pressure in humans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 73, e35-e66.
O’Callaghan-Gordo, C., Shivashankar, R., Anand, S., Ghosh, S., Glaser, J., Gupta, R., Jakobsson, K., Kondal, D., Krishnan, A., and Mohan, S. (2019). Prevalence of and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in India: secondary data analysis of three population-based cross-sectional studies. BMJ open 9, e023353.
Petrov, M. S., and Basina, M. (2021). Diagnosis of endocrine disease: diagnosing and classifying diabetes in diseases of the exocrine pancreas. European journal of endocrinology 184, R151-R163.
Riaz, M., Shah, G., Asif, M., Shah, A., Adhikari, K., and Abu-Shaheen, A. (2021). Factors associated with hypertension in Pakistan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 16, e0246085.
Rodríguez-Almaraz, E., Gutiérrez-Solís, E., Rabadán, E., Rodríguez, P., Carmona, L., Morales, E., and Galindo, M. (2021). Something new about prognostic factors for lupus nephritis? A systematic review. Lupus 30, 2256-2267.
Sun, L., Shang, J., Xiao, J., and Zhao, Z. (2020). Development and validation of a predictive model for end-stage renal disease risk in patients with diabetic nephropathy confirmed by renal biopsy. PeerJ 8, e8499.
Wang, H. H., Lee, D. K., Liu, M., Portincasa, P., and Wang, D. Q.-H. (2020). Novel insights into the pathogenesis and management of the metabolic syndrome. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition 23, 189.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 MS LODHI , B FAROOQ , ZH QURESHI , FA MALIK , MJ KHAN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.