Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal
ISSN:
2708-2261
www.bcsrj.com
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47264/bcsrj0101039
Biol. Clin.
Sci. Res. J., Volume, 2020: e039
Original Research
ABO
AND RHESUS BLOOD GROUP DISTRIBUTION IN URBAN AREA OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB MULTAN
PAKISTAN
BHUTTA AM1*, TASAWAR Z1,
SAJID M1, HAYAT S2, ALI A2, MALIK A2
1Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin
Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
2Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The
University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
*Corresponding author E-mail: ucanfindarif@gmail.com
Abstract
This study was conducted to find out the distribution of ABO phenotypes
frequencies in urban
area of Southern Punjab Multan Pakistan. A total of 1087 subjects (both male & female) were taken and their
blood samples were tested for ABO blood group & Rh.
by using anti sera of ABO blood grouping i.e.
Anti-D, Anti-A and Anti-B, and confirmed by standard technique. Doubtful
results were checked by tube method. The data was analyzed by applying Pearson correlation and chi
square test. In the
present study overall prevalence of blood group & Rh.
positive was 997/1087 (91.72%) as compared to 90/1087 (8.28%) blood group &
Rh. negative (P< 0.05). It is a part of evolution with a natural
and random genetic drift selection. ABO blood group types were equally distributed but there was no
significant difference in both sexes. However, among ABO blood group & Rh positive; dominance frequency was B positive with 373
(34.32%) followed by O positive 293 (26.95%), A positive 218 (20.06%) and
AB positive with frequency of 113 (10.40%) respectively, and among ABO blood
group & Rh. negative; O negative was more
prevalent with 42 (3.86%) followed by B negative 23 (2.12%), A negative 22
(2.02%), and AB negative with frequency of 03 (0.28%) respectively In the present
study ABO blood group B positive was dominant as compared to other ABO blood
groups & Rh positive (P> 0.05). Analysis of the data collected in the
present study indicated that there was a dominant frequency of ABO blood
group & Rh. positive as compared to Rh. negative, and blood group B positive was dominant as
compared to other ABO blood group types. The determination of the frequency of ABO blood group types in
urban area Southern Punjab Multan would help us in understanding the
distribution of ABO phenotypes. Whereas, the differences of ABO blood groups
frequencies in different races and regions is a part of evolution with a
natural and random genetic drift selection.
Keywords: rhesus, ABO blood group, antigens,
dominance, genetic draft, correlation
Introduction
The
frequency of ABO blood group types are distributed variably in different
regions and races. The
differences of ABO blood groups frequencies in different races is a part of
evolution. Blood group is genetically determined antigen, detected on the
surface of the cell by specific antibodies and classified into four groups i.e.
A, B, AB and O (Land-stainer and Wiener, 1940). Others blood groups exist but known
blood groups are 15 types. ABO & Rhesus blood group system has importance
in transfusion of blood and organ transplant. It has also importance in
ancestral relation, genetic and evolution of humans. ABO blood system has
reactive agglutinins in the serum that not have corresponding antigens. In
addition, few researches have showed an association between different diseases
and ABO blood group system (Pinkston and Cole, 1996). It has been observed by Garratty (2005) that blood group ABO antigens do have a
biological role and various sure link with diseases to ABO blood group type was
observed e.g. blood
group A is linked with higher risk of cancer, and blood group O is associated
with lower risk of cancer (Bai-Lin et al., 2014; Naeem
et al., 2020ab). Khan
(1988) studied the distribution of ABO blood group types in Britain & USA
and reported that incidence of blood group A and O were more common there.
Similar results were also observed in Saudi Arabia by Moslem and Shashi (1989). While population of Egyptians has no blood
groups A and AB negative and it may be characteristic of Egyptians
population. Blood group A was more common in Europe particularly in Central
Europe reported by Daean (2005), similarly blood
group A was more common in west Bengal reported by Datta
et al. (1997) and, blood group B
was more common in Northern India and in Central Asia reported by Encyclopedia
(2002). Generally Pakistani population has high prevalence of blood group B,
while in some part of Pakistan blood group B was reported dominant, while in
other part blood group O was dominant as reported by Shah et al. (1990) and Mabood
et al. (1993). Therefore, it is no
doubt that occurrence of ABO blood group varies in different regions, races and
from community to community and some races has dominance of one blood group
than others.
Materials and
methods
The current survey was conducted
to find out the ABO blood group
& Rh. frequencies in urban area of Southern
Punjab Multan Pakistan. Blood sample was drawn; using disposable syringes by
venous puncture and instantly shifted into EDTA vials and stored at-200 C
until used for biochemical analysis. Total blood samples were collected from
1087 subjects visited at private laboratories for blood donation, and brought
these blood samples labeled by subject name, age and sex to the well-equipped
lab at Institute of Pure and Applied Biology Bahuddin
Zakariya University Multan for the analysis. Blood samples of
patients were tested for ABO blood group & Rh. by
using ABO blood grouping anti sera i.e. Anti-D, Anti-A and Anti-B and confirmed
by standard technique. If red blood cells showed agglutination by mixing with
Anti- A, it was called type blood group A, if red blood cells showed
agglutination by mixing with Anti- B, it was called type blood group B, if red
blood cells showed no agglutination with Anti- A and with Anti- B, it was
called blood group O, and if red blood cells showed agglutination by mixing
with Anti- D, it was called Rh. Positive if no
agglutination called Rh. Negative. Doubtful results
were checked by tube method. The data was analyzed by applying Pearson
correlation and chi square test.
Results
A
total of 1087 subjects (505 men, 582 women)
were included in this study based on a detailed questionnaire for
epidemiological studies and overall prevalence of blood group & Rh. positive was 997/1087 (91.72%) as compared to 90/1087
(8.28%) blood group & Rh. negative (P< 0.05).
It is is a part of
evolution with a natural and genetic drift selection. ABO blood group types
were equally distributed but there was no significant difference in both sexes.
However, among ABO blood group & Rh positive;
dominance frequency was B positive with 373 (34.32%) followed by O positive
293 (26.95%), A positive 218 (20.06%) and AB positive with frequency of 113
(10.40%) respectively, and among ABO blood group & Rh.
negative; O negative was more prevalent with 42 (3.86%) followed by B
negative 23 (2.12%), A negative 22 (2.02%), and AB negative with frequency
of 03 (0.28%) respectively. In the present study blood group B positive was
dominant as compared to another ABO blood groups & Rh
positive (P> 0.05).
Table 1. Distribution of ABO & Rhesus Blood Group Types
among 1087 Subjects
ABO and Rhesus
Blood Group Types |
Control Group |
Exp. Group |
Total |
||||
N
% |
N % |
N % |
|||||
O+ive |
90 |
8.28% |
203 |
18.68% |
293 |
26.95% |
|
A+ive |
79 |
7.27% |
139 |
12.79% |
218 |
20.06% |
|
B+ive |
107 |
9.84% |
266 |
24.47% |
373 |
34.31% |
|
AB+ive |
44 |
4.05% |
69 |
6.35% |
113 |
10.40% |
|
Oive |
10 |
0.92% |
32 |
2.94% |
42 |
3.86% |
|
Aive |
12 |
1.10% |
10 |
0.92% |
22 |
2.02% |
|
Bive |
4 |
0.37% |
19 |
1.75% |
23 |
2.12% |
|
ABive |
0 |
0.00% |
3 |
0.28% |
3 |
0.28% |
|
Total |
346 |
31.83% |
741 |
68.17% |
1087 |
100.00% |
|
Discussion
The frequency of
ABO blood group types are distributed variably in different regions and races. The differences of ABO
blood groups frequencies in different races is a part of evolution. ABO blood groups
are one set of (antigens), which are genetically determined carbohydrate
molecules carried on the surface of membranes of red blood corpuscles (Umit et
al., 2008). The biological
role of blood groups relates to the presence of chemical on the other cells
that were initially identified as red cell antigens and act as receptors for
bacteria, parasites or viruses. In the present study the overall
prevalence of ABO blood group & Rh. positive was
(91.72%) as compared to (8.28%) ABO blood group & Rh.
negative. Overall
ABO blood group & Rh. positive and ABO blood
group type B positive was dominant as compared to ABO blood groups & Rh. negative as shown in Table- 1. Similar results in the
population of Lahore were appraised by Umer et al. (2014), according to their
results more
frequent blood group was B (37.8 %) followed by O (28.8%), A(24.2%) and
AB (9.1%) in blood donor, while in rhesus system 93.0% were Rh. positive and 7.0% were Rh.
negative. Similarly
results of the present study were also appraised by Wikipedia (2017) reported ABO blood group distribution in Pakistan was as follows
i.e. blood
group B positive with (34.40%) followed by O positive (24.63%), A
positive (20.6%) and AB positive with overall prevalence of (9.52%)
respectively and among ABO blood group & Rh.
negative; O negative was more prevalent with (4.17%) followed by B negative
(3.57%), A negative (2.66%) and AB negative with overall prevalence of
(0.45%) respectively.
In the present study as
it was observed that in the rhesus system 91.72% were Rh.
positive and 8.28% were Rh. negative. The present
study results were appraised by Shah et
al. (1990), according to their results ABO blood group negative was 5% only
as compared to ABO blood group positive, this is in accordance to the present
study which had showed low frequency of ABO blood group negative as compared to
ABO blood group positive. Similar result were by Ilyas et al. (2013) who stated that
ABO blood group & Rh. positive was dominant with
prevalence of 92.03% and 7.97% were with ABO blood group & Rh. negative. In the present study frequency of blood
group B was dominant with prevalence of 34.32% followed by O positive
26.95%, A positive 20.06% and blood group AB positive was least prevalent
with 10.40%
respectively. Similar results were reported by a study carried out from both
urban and rural areas of Gujranwala (Pakistan) by Ilyas et al. (2013) that
mostly common dominant blood group was B with 35.36% followed by blood group
O with 32.41%, blood group A with 22.91% and blood group AB was least
prevalent with 9.32%. The results of the present study were supported by Babar et al. (1999) who also reported similar
results
that
blood group B had highest frequency with prevalence of (32.4%) followed by
group A and O were (27.12%) and (29.80%), and group AB had the lowest
(11.04%) frequency respectively, and 92.88% subjects were Rh
positive, while 7.12% of the population was Rh.
negative in District Noshera Pakistan. Similar
results were also appraised by Khan et
al. (2017) that group B (32.0%) was dominant, followed by O (29.8%),
A (27.4%) and AB groups with overall lower frequency of (10.8%), while in
Rhesus system 93.0% were Rh. +ive
and 7.0% Rh. -ive in the
population of District Nowshera, Pakistan. The
results of the present
study were also supported by Carol and Melvin (1973), according to them blood
group B had its higher incidence in India and adjacent Central Asia and its
occurrence diminishes both towards East and West, falling to single digit
percentages in Spain. The prevalence of ABO blood group is distributed variably
in different races and regions and could be explained on the basis that the difference
of ABO blood groups frequencies in different races and regions is a part of
evolution with a natural and random genetic drift selection. According to the
results of the present study it could be explained on the basis that the
distribution of ABO blood group Rh. positive and
dominancy of blood group type 'B' in our population of Southern Punjab Multan
Pakistan is a part of evolution with a natural and random genetic drift
selection. However, the need for ABO blood groups study in our population was
multipurpose and provided a baseline data for future research. The
determination of the frequency of ABO blood groups in this urban area of
Southern Punjab Multan would help us in understanding the distribution of ABO
phenotypes and association of various diseases.
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