Biological and Clinical Sciences Research
Journal
Biol. Clin. Sci. Res. J. Volume, 2020:
e019
RESPONSE OF
DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS LEVELS AND APPLICATION METHODS ON THE GROWTH YIELD AND
QUALITY OF LINSEED CROP
MUHAMMAD HF*, AHMAD A, TAHIR M
Department of Agronomy,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan
Corresponding
Author: awanuaf2010@gmail.com
Abstract
The effects of five
phosphorus levels and two fertilizer application methods on the growth, yield
and quality of linseed were evaluated at the Agronomic Research Area,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Linseed variety ‟Chandni” was grown
under triplicate RCBD factorial design following two application methods of
fertilizer, including side drilling and broadcast, with different doses of P2O5,
i.e. 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg ha-1,using
DAP as a source in sub plots, with net plot size of 5 m × 1.8 m. The data was recorded for different
traits and statistically analyzed which showed highly significant results with
respect to side drilling method; while, parameters including time to start
germination and time taken to 50% germination showed non-significant effect in
regard of phosphorus application methods. Broadcasting method of application
has showed statistically significant results for mean emergence time, plant
population, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per
capsule, seed yield and biological yield as well. Among different phosphorus
levels, phosphorus applied @ 60 kgha-1 significantly affected
maximum to start germination, mean emergence time, plant height, number of
capsule per plant, number of seeds per capsule, biological yield and seed
protein content; while, plant population, 1000-seed weight, seed oil content
were significantly affected by the phosphorus applied @ 40 kgha-1.
Among the interaction effect between application method and different
phosphorus levels, phosphorus applied @ 60 kgha-1 through the method
of side drilling significantly affected the time to start germination, mean
emergence time, plant height, biological yield and seed protein content. It was
concluded from our study that the application method of side drilling and level
of phosphorus when applied @ 60 kgha-1 significantly affected on
growth, yield and quality of linseed.
Keywords:
Growth,
yield, phosphorous levels, application methods
Introduction
Linseed
(Linum usitatissimum L.) is grown as
a winter annual crop which belongs to family Lineaceae. It is the sixth largest
oilseed crop around the world and mostly grown in West Asia and Mediterranean
regions. It maintains a unique importance among oil seed as well as fiber crops
and stands on significant position for centuries regarding production (Genser
and Morris, 2003). It is considered to be an important cultivated crop due to
high nutritional potential like protein content, water soluble fiber fraction
(Warrand et al., 2005), lignin
content (Hyvarinen et al., 2006),
enzymes (El-Nagdy et al., 2010),
mucilage, linamarin ( a cyanogenic glycoside) and specifically for its oil
contents now a days (Oomah, 2001). The dietary fiber content is about 28% in
linseed crop (Foster et al., 2009)
along with 33-47% oil and 20-25% protein content. Seed contains esters of
linolenic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid with 30-40% fatty acid content
(El-Nagdy et al., 2010). The 1:3
ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids found only in linseed as compared with
the rest of the oil seed crops (Bhatia et
al., 2006). Among the major roles that the agricultural crop production
mostly provide to the humans include lipids, carbohydrates, proteins in the
form of amino acids, 13 vitamins and 17 mineral elements. But linoleic acid,
linolenic acids and lipids are such types of substances that cannot be produced
by the humans and must be obtained in their dietary sources. Along with flax
production to the oil seed extraction and fiber content, that has been used in
poultry and animal feed production, varnishes & paints, cosmetics and
compact wood production known as particle board (Bakry et al., 2012). Phosphorus plays a
significant role in the photosynthesis process (Cho et al., 2012), conservation
of energy (Schluepmann et al., 2012) and metabolism of carbon (Abel et al., 2002).
Experimental studies have shown that phosphorus has a significant effect on the
growth and development of plants along with an increase in grain yield of
oilseed crops (Gao et al., 2006; Grant et al., 2010). Balanced dose of
fertilizers increases the yield of fiber and quality of flax (Yang and lu,
2003; Liu et al., 2013).
Materials and Methods
The
present study was carried out at the Agronomic Research Area, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad (31.25˚N, 73.09 ˚E) during winter 2015. The
soil was a sandy clay loam in texture. Soil samples were taken up to a depth of
30 cm for physiochemical analysis before sowing of crops, which showed.
Table 1: Chemical
analysis of soil
|
|
Soil Depth
(cm) |
|
|
Parameters |
15 |
30 |
|
pH |
7.59 |
7.8 |
|
EC ds/m |
1.05 |
0.70 |
|
CO3 me/L |
1.2 |
- |
|
HCO3 me/L |
3.48 |
4.52 |
|
Cl- me/L |
5.72 |
10.5 |
|
Ca+Mg me/L |
7.32 |
5.6 |
|
N % |
0.075 |
0.087 |
|
Mechanical Analysis |
||
|
Sand % |
61 |
57 |
|
Silt % |
19 |
20 |
|
Clay % |
20 |
23 |
|
Textural class |
Loam |
|
The
experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with factorial
arrangements having net plot size 5 m × 1.8 m with three replications.
Factor A: (Application
methods of Phosphorus)
M1:
Broadcast, M2: Side Drilling
Factor B: (Phosphorus levels)
kg ha-1
P1:
20, P2: 40, P3: 60, P4: 80, P5:100
Results
Table 2. Analysis of variance for diffident
studied traits of linseed
|
SOV |
DF |
Plant population m-2 at harvest |
Plant height (cm) |
Number of capsules per plant |
Number of seed per capsule |
Seed yield kg. ha-1 |
|
Replication |
2 |
0.0337 |
0.0074 |
10.4 |
0.00016 |
6.9 |
|
Method |
1 |
34.6688** |
2.845** |
16585.8** |
2.5172** |
7124** |
|
Phosphorous
levels |
4 |
5.0138** |
51.7908** |
355.5** |
2.9142** |
6511.5** |
|
Method
× phosphorous |
4 |
16.9238** |
98.3728** |
1828.2** |
7.6363** |
18819.4** |
|
Error |
18 |
0.0322 |
0.0007 |
12.3 |
0.00183 |
23.2** |
**= Highly Significant
Plant population
m-2 at harvest
Plant
population is an important yield contributing parameters. A good stand
establishment ensures better yield of crop. From Table 3 it was found that both
the factors have significantly increased the plant population of linseed crop.
And their interaction was also found to be significant. Maximum plant
population (32.00) was found where linseed was grown under fertilization of
phosphorous @ 100 kg ha-1 by side drilling. Increase in plant
population m-2 might be due to maximum phosphorous level and side
drilling of phosphorous, as it might have increased the uptake and P absorption
through roots that ultimately increased the plant population per m2.
Table 3.
Individual comparison of treatment means of Plant Population m-2 At
Harvest
LSD 0.05 for method = 0.137 LSD for phosphorous = 0.217 LSD for Interaction = 0.3078
Plant height
(cm)
Plant
height shows the vegetative growth of crop, if a crop is well nourished then
its growth increases resulting in increase of plant height. From Table 4 it was
reported that both factors application method and phosphorous levels and their
interaction had significantly increased the plant height of linseed. Highest
plant height (85.2 cm) was found where side drilling of phosphorous was
performed by using P @ 60 kg ha-1. Increase in plant height might be
due to phosphorous fertilization as P is important part of many enzymes that
increases the growth of plant (Oomah, 2001; El-Nagdy et al., 2010; Cho et al.,
2012; Liu et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2006).
Table 4. Individual comparison of treatment means for Plant Height
(Cm)
|
|
Treatments |
||
|
Factor B |
Factor A
(Application methods) |
||
|
Phosphorus levels |
M1
(Broadcasting) |
M2
(Side drilling) |
Means |
|
P1 @
20 (kg ha-1) |
73.4 h |
70.7 j |
72.065
E |
|
P2 @ 40
(kg ha-1) |
62.3 b |
75.1 g |
78.735
B |
|
P3 @ 60
(kg ha-1) |
72.3 i |
85.2 a |
78.785
A |
|
P4 @ 80
(kg ha-1) |
75.7 e |
76.0 d |
75.895
D |
|
P5 @
100 (kg ha-1) |
81.8 c |
75.5 f |
78.700
C |
|
Means |
77.144 A |
76.528 B |
|
LSD 0.05 for method = 0.020 LSD for phosphorous = 0.032 LSD for Interaction = 0.046
Number of capsules
per plant
Increase
in capsule increases the yield of crop. From Table 5 it was cleared that both
the factors and their interaction has enhanced the number of capsules per
plant. Maximum number of capsules per plant (310.00) was found where side
drilling of phosphorous was done @ 20 kg ha1. Increment in number of
capsules might be due to a greater number of branches per plant, application of
phosphorous and especially the application method. Side drilling might have
better effect on number of capsules of plant (El-Nagdy et al., 2010; Liu et
al., 2013; Gao et al., 2006).
Table 5. individual comparison of
treatment means of number of Capsules Per Plant
|
|
Treatments |
||
|
Factor B |
Factor A (Application methods) |
||
|
Phosphorus levels |
M1 (Broadcasting) |
M2 (Side drilling) |
Means |
|
P1 @ 20
(kg ha-1) |
211.50 g |
310.00 a |
260.75 B |
|
P2 @ 40 (kg ha-1) |
247.30 f |
304.33 ab |
275.81 A |
|
P3 @ 60 (kg ha-1) |
266.67 d |
286.83 c |
276.75 A |
|
P4 @ 80 (kg ha-1) |
258.67 e |
268.33 d |
263.50 B |
|
P5 @ 100 (kg ha-1) |
250.67 f |
300.45 b |
275.56 A |
|
Means |
246.96 B |
293.99 A |
|
LSD
0.05 for method = 2.68 LSD for
phosphorous = 4.25 LSD for
Interaction = 6.01
Number of seed
per capsule
Increase
in number of seed per capsule increases the final yield of crop. It is an
important factor which is directly affected by fertilization and its
application methods. From Table 6 it was evident that maximum number
of seeds per capsule (9.59) was found in treatment where side drilling of
phosphorous was done and P was applied @ 20 kg ha-1. And minimum
number of seed per capsule (5.90) was found where side drilling of phosphorous
@ 40 kg ha-1 was done (El-Nagdy et al., 2010; Cho et al., 2012; Liu
et al., 2013).
Table 6. Individual comparison of treatment means of number of
Seed Per Capsule
|
|
Treatments |
||
|
Factor B |
Factor A (Application methods) |
||
|
Phosphorus levels |
M1 (Broadcasting) |
M2 (Side drilling) |
Means |
|
P1 @ 20
(kg ha-1) |
594.20 g |
738.60 b |
666.40 C |
|
P2 @ 40 (kg ha-1) |
642.27 f |
788.30 a |
715.28 A |
|
P3 @ 60 (kg ha-1) |
687.40 d |
704.70 c |
696.05 B |
|
P4 @ 80 (kg ha-1) |
676.40 e |
581.47 h |
628.93 D |
|
P5 @ 100 (kg ha-1) |
695.40 d |
636.70 f |
666.05 C |
|
Means |
689.95 A |
659.13 B |
|
LSD 0.05 for method = 0.032 LSD for phosphorous = 0.051 LSD for Interaction=0.073
Seed
yield of crop is important and economical part. It indicates the overall
potential of crop. It was confirmed from Table 7 that both the factors and
their interaction had significantly increased the seed yield of linseed.
Maximum seed yield (788.30 kg ha-1) was found where side drilling of
phosphorous dose @ 40 kg ha-1 was done. Increase in seed yield might
be due to proper phosphorous level and proper application method (Oomah, 2001; El-Nagdy
et al., 2010; Cho et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2006).
Table 7. Individual
comparison of treatment means of Seed Yield Kg. ha-1
|
|
Treatments |
||
|
Factor B |
Factor A
(Application methods) |
||
|
Phosphorus levels |
M1
(Broadcasting) |
M2
(Side drilling) |
Means |
|
P1 @
20 (kg ha-1) |
6.50 h |
9.59 a |
8.04
AB |
|
P2 @ 40
(kg ha-1) |
7.05 f |
5.90 j |
6.47 D |
|
P3 @ 60
(kg ha-1) |
8.15 d |
8.00 e |
8.07 A |
|
P4 @ 80
(kg ha-1) |
8..60
c |
6.00 i |
7.30 C |
|
P5 @
100 (kg ha-1) |
9.05 b |
6.96 g |
8.00 B |
|
Means |
7.87 A |
7.29 B |
|
LSD
0.05 for method = 3.696 LSD for phosphorous = 5.843 LSD for Interaction = 8.264
Conclusions
Among different
plant parameters including; time taken to 50% germination, number of capsules
per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, harvest
index, seed oil content, seed protein content showed highly significant results
with respect to side drilling method of application. While among different P
levels, phosphorus applied @ 60 kg. ha-1 significantly affected
maximum plant attributes like time to start germination, mean emergence time,
plant height, number of capsule per plant, number of seeds per capsule,
biological yield and seed protein content; while, parameters like plant
population, 1000-seed weight, seed oil content were significantly affected by
the phosphorus applied @ 40 kgha-1. Plant parameters including number
of branches and seed yield were highly affected by the phosphorus applied @ 40
kgha-1. Plant parameter including harvest index were being
significantly affected through the phosphorus application @ 1000 kgha-1.
Among the interaction effect between application method and different
phosphorus levels, phosphorus applied @ 60 kgha-1 through the method
of side drilling significantly affected the maximum number of plant attributes
including time to start germination, mean emergence time, plant height, biological
yield and seed protein content. Overall, best results were observed by
application method of side drilling and level of phosphorus when applied @ 60
kgha-1 significantly affected on the growth, yield and quality of
linseed. So, present study suggested that growth, yield and quality of linseed
can be maintained by the proper use of phosphorus fertilizer and by adopting an
appropriate application method preferably side drilling method.
Conflict of
interest
The
authors declared absence of any type of conflict of interest for manuscript
publication.
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