Introduction

In developing countries pathogenic microorganisms, fungus and bacterial strains are the main cause of life-threatening infections which leads to mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised patients (Al-Bari et al., 2006). Many antibiotics and antimicrobial agents are available in market which can kill these microbes or inhibit the growth of these microbes and involve in control of these pathogenic microorganisms. But the problem is that, these microbes are becoming more resistant day by day against these medicines even that many microbes are multidrug resistant. So treat of these disease causing and multidrug resistant microbes with several antibiotics influence an enormous threat on public health (Hajipour et al. 2012, Rojas et al. 2006). With the kill of pathogens, these medicines can also cause several side effects. So there is a need of natural, safer and cheaper source of antifungal and antibacterial agents. So for control of multidrug resistant microbes and safe use of medicines, people prefer to use of natural sources as medicines. Plants are the alternative source of antimicrobials that is safer, natural, cheaper and time tested source instead of other antibiotics (Van der et al.2001, Sharif et al. 2006, Dilhuydy et al. 2003). People know that many plants have a great medicinal ability, and for a long time ago people use plants throughout the globe for cure many infections. Since 2000BC plants are a great interest as phytomedicines both in Eastern and Western world. Every progressive civilization emphasizes the use of herbs. Ginseng is used by Chinese around 3000 years ago and to reduce the fever Americans use willow bark tea. As the use of herbal extracts is consider pure, simple and safe so the popularity of herbal products around the world may reflects the fact that many people do not believe in medical practices with allopathics (Sharif et al. 2006). The mostly used herbal compounds in dental field are ginseng, ginger, clove and garlic (Dilhuydy et al. 2003). Furthermore, in addition to the techniques used for processing and packaging, the strength, quality and purity of the drug is depend on the location, time and season of cultivation. According to WHO 80% people still use herbal medicines. Many plants are used for their medicinal ability worldwide. This study is focus on Aloe Vera plant. The word Aloe vera is derived from an Arabic word “Alloeh” means that “shining bitter substance” and the ‘Vera’ is a Latin word means “true”. Aloe vera is an herb that is used for over 2000 years, and has a great ability to use in phytotherapy or phytomedicines. It is cactus like plant that has around 360 species and grows in hot dry climate, and now a days it have high demand that’s why it is cultivating in large scale (Newall et al. 1996). Egyptian scientist regarded Aloe vera “the plant of immortality” and around 2000 years ago Greeks called it as “universal panacea

It’s an eminent medicinal plant belongs to a family liliaceae (Reynolds et al.1999, Kawai et al. 1993,). It’s almost found throughout the globe but it grows best in hot tropical environments. It has high water contents which is ranges from 99.0-99.5%. Because it has high capacity for holding of water so it is use for keep moisturize the skin. and any damaged on skin can be treated by its gel as its gel enhance the restoration of wound and stimulate the cell growth, Stomach ailments, constipation, thermal burn, sunburn, injuries caused by radiations, skin disease, inflammatory effect, diabetes, ulcer etc. can be treat by the use of Aloe vera gel (Foster et al 1999). Now a days many juice products of Aloe vera are available in market and it’s consider that many gastrointestinal problems can be treated by A.vera juice, whenever mucus membrane of stomach got any damage or irritation, in many regions A.vera juice can be preferred to drink for the protection and healing of it (Eshun et al. 2004). Several researches also proposes that body’s immune system can be stimulate by the gel of Aloe vera (Davis et al,. 1994)

It’s also used in many products such as pharmaceutics, cosmatics and in food industry etc. (Klein et al.1988). Rather than 99.0-99.5% water the others 0.5-1.0% is testified to comprise over 200 active compounds and 75 nutrients. The active compounds reported in this plant are saponins, sugar, enzymes, vitamins, aloesin, aloeemodin, aloin, acemannan aloemannan, aloeride, methylchromones, flavonoids, naftoquinones, sterols, minerals, anthraquinones, amino acids, lignin and salicylic acid and other different compounds including fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, enzymes, minerals, simple/complex sugars, organic acid and phenolic compounds (Radha et al, 2014). A. vera gel have high moleculer weight compounds which demonste benificial effect. Lactine like proteins (Bajwa et al., 2007), polysacchrides (Subramanian et al., 2006) and postagladins (Guillette et al,. 1991), Manos-6-phosphate shows a role in the healing of wound (Davis et al,. 1994), bradykinin-degrading glycoproteins may shows anti inflamatory effect (Yagi et al., 2002). For antiviral properties anthraquinones have been studied from various plants (Sydiskis et al., 1991).

The plant consists of two parts outer covering and a parenchyma aloe gel which is almost colorless and present inside the outer covering. Based on in vivo and in vitro study both these two parts shows medicinal properties. Total extract of the plant shows antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties (Newall et al. 1996, Kumar et al. 2015). The Aloe vera extract have been developed, particularly sensitive to a variety of bacteria, Gram-negative pathogen, Gram-positive pathogens and some fungal pathogens. Inhibition Insulation compounds have clearly demonstrated their usefulness to various pathogenic microorganisms. It is elucidated that the application of plants in traditional medicine in the treatment of various diseases caused by these pathogenic strains. Plants used in conventional medicine, as well as plants used in the treatment of various diseases of these pathogenic strains. In addition, identification of these antimicrobial compounds enhances their growth by studying the structure/activity of new antimicrobia. In this present study we observed the antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanol extract of root and leaf of Aloe vera.

Material and methods

Sample collection

Aloe vera is a medicinal plant which have an ability to do activity against many microbes. It is stem less plant and ts height ranges from 60-100cm. It have green to grey-green colored thick and fleshy leaves. But some verities show white flacks on their stem. Polymannans, acetylated mannans, anthrones and anthraquinone C-glycosides etc are the phytochemicals found in Aloe vera. The anthraquinones, such as emodin and various lectins are also found in it. This study is done in The University of Lahore, Pakistan. For this study plant sample is collect from three different localities (canal, pound and growing fields) of local area of chak N0.377/E.B, Burewala, Pakistan. After collect the plant, its washed under tap water to remove any dust particles and other insect larvae. After washing thoroughly, we did weight of whole plant by the use of electronic weight balance in plant tissue culture lab in the University of Lahore. Than separate the roots and shoot and weight the shoot and roots separately. After complete the weighing we cut the plant leaves into small pieces with the help of sterilized knife and put these pieces into sterilized jars and filled these jars with 99.5% ethanol and kept it for three days and stirred occasionally as shown in fig.1. After that we strained the sample with help of sterilized strainer. Than we process the strained sample in Colum chromatography (use silica gel) in plant tissue culture lab. After the Colum chromatography we use rotary evaporator for extraction to making final ethanol extract of Aloe vera, shown in fig.2, in pharmacy lab in university of the Lahore. Extraction of plant roots were also done with the same method. Now it’s ready for check its activity against any microbe.

Preparation of the assay

We used the Kirby-Bauer (disc diffusion) method with some modifications and used the crude ethanol extract. The plant is cut into pieces, make ethanol extract of plant. And then prepare this sample with different concentrations of ethanol extract which are 15, 20, 25 and 30 µg respectively and kept it for 3 days and stirred occasionally. Microbial growth was subjected to these samples for 24 hours. Also prepared root sample for assay. Prepare ethanol extract of roots and prepared this root sample with different concentrations of ethanol extract which are 15, 20, 25 and 30 µg respectively and kept it for 3 days and stirred occasionally. Microbial growth is checked on these samples for 24 hours

Inoculum preparation

Stock cultures of bacteria and as well as fungus were prepared in microbiology lab. Prepared stock culture of gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Salmonella typhii, Agrobacterium tumefacins, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and gram positive bacteria bacillus cereus, bacillus subtitis, bacillus megaterium, streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis and for fungal activity, prepared culture of fuserium oxysporum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger. These Microbial cultures were stored on nutrient agar media, and store it at 4°C. For experiment active culture was prepared in nutrient broth by the transfer of loopfull cells of stock cultures into test tube. Same procedure is done for each sample of bacterial cultures, as well as for each fungal cultures. And kept in incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. Agar disc diffusion was performed for this assay.

Method for Disc Diffusion

Nutrient agar media was used for check the antibacterial activity of given samples. Prepare media with specific concentration (13g/L) in dist. Water. Sterilize the media and petriplates, pour the media into petriplate and wait till it solidify. After solidify the media use the sterilized cotton bud for swabbing the bacterial culture on solid plates. And discs of different concentrations (15, 20, 25, 30 µl) were placed on media by the use of sterilized forceps. Incubate the plates into incubator at 37°C for 24 hours than observe the zone of inhibition, measure the diameter which determines the growth of bacteria and activity of that specific concentration of plant extract on disc. For check the antifungal activity of given samples we used Muller-Hinton agar (MHA) medium. Sterilize the media and petriplates and pour the media into petriplate and wait till it solidify. When the media had been solidified we use the sterilized cotton bud for swabbing the fungus culture on solid plates. And discs of different concentrations (15, 20, 25, 30 µl) were placed on media by the use of sterilized forceps. Incubate the plates into incubator at 37°C for 3 days than observe the zone of inhibition, measure the diameter which determine the growth of fungus and activity of that specific concentration of plant extract on disc.

Results

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanol extract of Aloe Vera is checked against various pathogens and results are given bellow.

Antibacterial activity of Leaf extract against gram positive bacterial

In Antibacterial activity of Leaf extract against gram positive Bacillus subtitis shows 15mm, Bacillus cereus 13mm, Bacillus megaterium 14.5mm, Streptococcus pyogenes 13 and Staphylococcus aureus 14mm as shown in fig 1. Zone of inhibition at low concentrations are also shown in fig 1. And also shown in graph 1 height zone of inhibition is 15 for Bacillus subtitis and lowest zone of inhibition is 13 for Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus pyogenes at concentration of 30 µl.

Antibacterial activity of Leaf extract against gram negative bacterial

In Antibacterial activity of Leaf extract against gram negative bacterial strains, Aloe vera shows high antibacterial activity against Echerichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefacins which is noted that around 18mm zone of inhibition and shows lowest zone of inhibition among all our used strains which is around 11.5mm at concentration of 30µl. zone of inhibition measured at concentration of 10, 20 25 and 30 µl are also shown in fig 2 Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtitis and Bacillus megaterium shows good result, means that Aloe vera have good antibacterial activity against our used gram positive strains.

Antibacterial activity of Root extract against gram positive bacteria

Antibacterial activity of Root extract against gram positive bacteria Aloe Vera shows good antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtitis, Bacillus megaterium and Enterococcus faecalis which is noted around 16mm and lowest zone of inhibition is 13.5 against Bacillus cereus at concentration of 30 µg as shown in fig 3.

Antibacterial activity of Root extract against gram positive bacteria

Aloe vera root extract also testified good results against gram negative bacteria. In this study Antibacterial activity of Root extract against gram negative bacteria Agrobacterium tumefacins noted zone of inhibition of around 17.5mm. Aloe vera root extraxt also shows good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, shows zone of inhibition is around 16mm. Zone of inhibition measured at concentration of 10, 20, 25 and 30 µl are also shown in table. Shown in fig 4.

Antifungal activity of Leaf extract against pathogenic fungal strains

Antifungal activity of A.vera is also observed against several pathogenic fungus at different concentrations. Both the ethanol extracts of leaf and roots are applied on culture of different fungus by disc diffusion method. Leaf extract shows excellent results against fuserium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger 18.5mm and 18mm zone of inhibition respectively but the measure of zone of inhibition against other used fungus is also shows good results as given in fig 5.

Antifungal activity of Root extract against pathogenic fungal strains

Antifungal activity of Root extract against pathogenic fungal strains also shows good results. Zone of inhibition is measured and at different concentrations. Zone of inhibition against fuserium oxysporum is measured around 19mm which shows that ethanol extract of A.vera Roots have good antifungal activity. Aspergillus niger also shows good antifungal results zone of inhibition is measured around 18mm. other used fungus also shows good results as shown in fig 6.

Discussion

In our present study ethanol extract of Aloe vera was investigated for antibacterial and anti-fungal activity. Inhibitory effect of all the used concentrations of both the leaves extract and root extract shows varying degree of inhibition of growth of used bacterial and fungal pathogens as shown in above figures (1-6). Different concentrations of ethanol extract (15, 20, 25 and 30µl) of leaves and root is applied of bacterial and fungal growth by the use of disc diffusion method. With the increase of concentration, zone of inhibition is also increased maximum zone of inhibition is examined on highest concentration. The ethanol gel extracts of A. vera root and leaves showed highest degree of activity around 19 and ranges from 11-19 at highest concentration against the selected pathogens. Aqueous, acetone and ethanol extracts of the A. vera gel is used against some human and plant pathogens is examined by disc diffusion method for check the antimicrobial activity and phytocostituents (Ibrahim et al., 2011). Among the three extracts used by Ibrahim et al, acetone and ethanol extracts noted significant antimicrobial activity against all used pathogens. As compared to ethanolic and aqueous, Acetone extract was found quite impressive in antibacterial and antifungal activity. A. barbadensis leaf gel components for antimicrobial activity are studied by Cock (2008). RP-HPLC was done for fractionate the Methanolic extracts of A. barbadensis inner leaf gel, and a panel of bacteria and fungi is used for test the inhibitory effect of resultant fractions (Cock 2008). Antimicrobial Activity of Aloe barbadensis Miller Leaf Gel Components 4:2). Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of leaf and gel is compared against Trichophyton mentagraphytes, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, T. schoeleinii, C. albicans and M. canis in this antimicrobial activity, it has been found that S. aureus is inhibited by both the leaf and gel extract. T. mentagrophytes isonly inhibited by gel, while C. albicans and P. aeruginosa both are inhibited by leaf extract (Agarry and Osho 2005). A study was also conducted by Thiruppathi et al in which he used A. vera juice with different solvents viz, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, hexane and ethanol to determine the antimicrobial activity. Following Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis) and gram negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K.pneumoniae) are used for test the antimicrobial activity. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract shows more antimicrobial activity which is (1-9mm) and (7-12mm) respectively. But the petroleum ether extract shows least inhibitory effect around 2mm (Guillette et al., 1991). Manos-6-phosphate shows a role in the healing of wound (Davis et al,. 1994), bradykinin-degrading glycoproteins may shows anti-inflammatory effect (Yagi et al., 1987). For antiviral properties anthraquinones have been studied from various plants (Sydiskis et al., 1991). In this study The bacterial and fungal strains used for study antimicrobial activity are usually involve with the incidence of urogenital tract, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, gastrointestinal tract and wound infection. These potent herbal remedies play a big advancement in fungal infection therapies and for its safe use especially in immunocompromised patients. The present of sponin, tanins, alkaloids, laktine and anthroquinones in Aloe vera extract may be play an important role in antifungal activity, since the action of antibacterial and antifungal of these phytochemicals have been well documented (Deeni and Hussain , 1991; Shale et al 1999). Furthermore, due to confirmation of popular use, the testified result of this study shows that extract of this plant could represent a good, nontoxic, less expensive than allopathic drugs and new source of antibacterial and antifungal activity. To investigate and isolate these compounds and to study their principles and their mechanism of action further studies are still in progress.

CONCLUSION

Its hope that this research can lead to create some possible vehicles Used to develop new and more potent Natural antimicrobials. The research is Identification of biologically active compounds and evaluate the mechanism of action of A. vera gel extract is related to certain organisms with human diseases. The results of this present study shows the importance of Aloe Vera in control of microbial infection and also used of this plant in folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases. And pay attention on the importance of Aloe Vera and to select it in further research and discovery of new bioactive compounds. The result of this study shows the ethanol extract of Aloe Vera have good antimicrobial properties even that it shows MIC at very low used concentration. And this study shows that we can use Aloe Vera as antimicrobial agent in new drugs for treatment of infectious disease in human. The results of this research have been developed particularly sensitive to a variety of bacteria the Gram-negative pathogen, Gram-positive pathogens and some fungal pathogens. Inhibition Insulation compounds has clearly demonstrated their usefulness to various pathogenic microorganisms. It is elucidated that the application of plants in traditional medicine in the treatment of various diseases caused by these pathogenic strains. Plants used in conventional medicine, as well as plants used in the treatment of various diseases of these pathogenic strains. In addition, identification of these antimicrobial compounds enhances their growth by studying the structure/activity of new antimicrobial

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest between authors. References

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