The Impact of Smoking on Pulmonary Function: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Smokers and Non-Smokers Using Spirometry Data

Sarfaraz Ahmed; Muhammad Imran; Karamat Ali; Attia Khaliq; Raees Iqbal Khan; Muhammad Uzair Ijaz Malik

doi:10.54112/bcsrj.v6i6.1986

Authors

Sarfaraz Ahmed Department of Medicine, PEMH Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Muhammad Imran Department of Medicine, PEMH Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Karamat Ali Department of Medicine, PEMH Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Attia Khaliq Department of Medicine, PEMH Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Raees Iqbal Khan Department of Medicine, PEMH Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Muhammad Uzair Ijaz Malik Department of Medicine, PEMH Rawalpindi, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v6i6.1986

Keywords:

Forced Expiratory Volume, Pulmonary Disease, Respiratory Function Tests, Smoking, Spirometry

Abstract

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for various pulmonary diseases and is known to cause both large and small airway dysfunction. Objective: To compare pulmonary function parameters between smokers and non-smokers using spirometry and to evaluate the correlation between smoking intensity (pack-years) and lung function deterioration. Methods: This cross-sectional, comparative observational study was conducted at PEMHS Rawalpindi from November 1, 2024, to April 30, 2025. A total of 326 participants were enrolled in the study, comprising both smokers and non-smokers. Subjects were selected through a convenience sampling technique. Results: Smokers showed significantly reduced spirometric values compared to non-smokers (p < 0.001). The mean FEV₁ and FEV₁/FVC ratio were markedly lower in smokers, indicating obstructive patterns. A strong negative correlation was observed between pack-years and FEV₁ (r = -0.42, p < 0.001). Additionally, smokers had a higher incidence of abnormal spirometry patterns, particularly obstructive and mixed types, compared to non-smokers (p < 0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that smoking has a substantial adverse impact on pulmonary function, with spirometry revealing apparent differences between smokers and non-smokers. The decline in lung function is dose-dependent, underscoring the importance of early intervention and cessation efforts in preventing chronic respiratory diseases.

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